ZZ～讨论常犯的错误

joqoko

The person presenting an argument is attacked instead of the argument itself.

攻击提出某个论点的人,却不是攻击该论点本身

This takes many forms. For example,the person's character, nationality orreligion may be attacked.

这种攻击通常有不同形式,例如对手的人格,国籍或是宗教信仰

Alternatively, it may be pointed out that a personstands to gain from a favourable outcome.

这种攻击亦可能换成另外一种方式,像是,指出对手是为了作出有利的结论而采取某种特定的立场

Or, finally, a person may be attackedby association, or by the company he keeps.

最后一个可能方式,就是质疑对手的阵营或是他所属的组织团体

ad hominem (abusive): instead of attacking an assertion, the argument attacksthe person who made the assertion.

对人不对事;to the man(辱骂); 论证时攻击的不是主张,而是攻击提出该主张的某人

ad hominem (circumstantial): instead of attacking an assertion the authorpoints to the relationship between the person making the assertion and theperson's circumstances.

对人不对事(间接推测的): 论证时攻击的不是某个主张,而是指出,提出该主张的个人和其所属环境之关联

ad hominem (tu quoque): this form of attack on the person notes that a persondoes not practise what he preaches.

对人不对事 (反驳指控;"你麻同款"!;you too): 这种形式的攻击指出对象没有履行他所鼓吹的论点

Examples:You may argue that God doesn't exist, but you are just following a fad. (adhominem abusive)

举例:你可能辩称上帝并不存在,但是你只是跟随(无神论的)潮流罢了.(对人不对事的贬抑)

We should discount what Premier Klein says about taxation because he won't behurt by the increase. (ad hominem circumstantial)

关於Kleing首相对於课税的评论,我们最好打一点折扣,因为课税的增加对他来说根本没有造成损失(对人不对事的间接推测贬抑)

We should disregard Share B.C.'s argument because they are being funded by the logging industry. (ad hominem circumstantial)

我们最好不要去鸟B.C.股份有限公司的论点,因为他们自己就是由伐木企业所资助的公司.(对人不对事的间接推测贬抑)

You say I shouldn't drink, but you haven't been sober for more than a year. (ad hominem tu quoque)

你说我不应该喝酒,但是你自己根本就醉茫茫了一整年!(对人不对事的反驳对手也是一样)

Proof:Identify the attack and show that the character or circumstances of the person has nothing to do with the truth or falsity of the proposition being defended.

破解:
找出该类的攻击,并且表明企图证实一个人所提的某个论点的是非对错用不著把他的人格还有其所属环境扯进来